El papel de los antimicrobianos en la estructura de las comunidades microbianas en la naturaleza
Rol of antimicrobials on the structure of microbial communities in nature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v5i1.701Palabras clave:
interacciones microbianas, simbiosis, parasitismo, competencia, bacteriasResumen
Los microambientes son estructuras complejas, en donde se encuentran en equilibrio una gran cantidad de organismos microscópicos, tanto eucariotes como procariotes, que interaccionan entre ellos y con los factores abióticos del medio. Para lograr el equilibrio entre los miembros de una comunidad microbiana, se establecen interacciones que resultan benéficas o perjudiciales para una de las especies que interaccionan, o para ambas. Entre estas interacciones, se encuentran: comensalismo, simbiosis, y parasitismo, entre otras. Estas interacciones les facilita a los microorganismos la obtención de compuestos que pueden ser utilizados como substratos o como complementos, asegurando así su sobrevivencia y mantenimiento en un ecosistema. Para sobrevivir, algunos microorganismos deben producir compuestos capaces de inhibir el desarrollo de microorganismos competidores. Estos compuestos, conocidos como antimicrobianos, pueden causar daño a la célula bacteriana competidora a través de diversos mecanismos de acción, pero el fin es cumplir con el mismo objetivo, la eliminación de la competencia microbiana. La producción industrial de algunos de estos antimicrobianos, han revolucionado nuestra forma de vida, al proporcionarnos herramientas para el control de enfermedades infecciosas.
Abstract
Microenvironments are natural complex structures, where microscopic organisms (both, eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms) are in balance, by way of interactions among them and with the abiotic factors present in the environment. In order to achieve equilibrium between the members of a microbial community, different interactions are established, that are either beneficial or prejudicial to one or both interaction species. Among those interactions are commensalism, symbiosis and parasitism. The interactions support the acquirement of compounds that can be used as substrates or complements for microbial growth, assuring in this way, its survival and maintenance in the ecosystem. To survive, some microorganisms produce compounds capable of inhibiting the development of competitive microbiota. Those compounds, known as antimicrobials, can cause damage to the competitive microbial cell through different mechanisms of action, but the final goal is the same: to eliminate the competitive microbiota. Industrial production of some of those antimicrobials, have revolutionized our society, since they can be used to control infectious diseases.
Keywords: microbial interactions, symbiosis, parasitism, competition, bacteria.
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