Terapia antibacteriana: de los antibióticos convencionales a los metalofármacos frente a la resistencia bacteriana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v20i1.2312Palabras clave:
antibiótico, complejo metálico, resistencia bacteriana, antibacteriano, bacteriasResumen
Este artículo de revisión aborda la evolución de los antibióticos y las estrategias actuales para enfrentar la resistencia bacteriana. Se sitúa el tema desde el uso histórico de sustancias antimicrobianas hasta la consolidación del concepto moderno de antibiótico. Se describe su clasificación por estructura y por mecanismo de acción, haciendo énfasis en blancos esenciales: pared celular, síntesis de ácidos nucleicos, vías metabólicas y síntesis de proteínas. Se revisan brevemente los mecanismos de resistencia intrínseca, adquirida y adaptativa, como modificaciones del blanco, reducción de permeabilidad, bombas de eflujo, inactivación enzimática y biofilms. Finalmente, se compendian investigaciones donde antibióticos convencionales se coordinan con centros metálicos (p. ej., Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), entre otros), con el objetivo de mejorar solubilidad, estabilidad y, en algunos casos, potenciar la actividad frente a bacterias Gram positivas y negativas. En conjunto, estos enfoques buscan reposicionar fármacos conocidos mediante química de coordinación y formulación avanzada, con evaluación rigurosa de eficacia.
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