Producción de compuestos bioactivos mediante fermentación en estado sólido: oportunidades emergentes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v20i1.2152Palabras clave:
industria farmacéutica, actividad biológica, subproductos, valorización, compuestos microbianosResumen
El entorno natural constituye una valiosa fuente de microorganismos capaces de producir compuestos de gran relevancia farmacéutica. Durante las últimas décadas, numerosas empresas han aprovechado estos microorganismos, principalmente mediante fermentación sumergida, para obtener antibióticos, enzimas y otras moléculas bioactivas. Sin embargo, este sistema de fermentación presenta limitaciones asociadas a la transferencia de oxígeno, los bajos rendimientos de producción para algunos compuestos y su estabilidad, la formación de espuma durante el proceso y su impacto ambiental. En este contexto, la fermentación en estado sólido surge como una alternativa más sostenible, ya que permite valorizar subproductos agroindustriales como sustratos y producir compuestos bioactivos, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de una bioeconomía circular. Dado que la industria farmacéutica busca reducir los costos y aumentar la sostenibilidad de sus procesos, esta tecnología ofrece oportunidades prometedoras. No obstante, aún existen desafíos importantes en cuanto a la escalabilidad, el control del proceso y la optimización de la recuperación de los compuestos producidos. Esta revisión presenta los avances importantes en la obtención de compuestos bioactivos con potencial aplicación farmacéutica mediante fermentación en estado sólido, con especial atención a diversas clases de productos, como antibióticos, biosurfactantes, enzimas, polímeros, vitaminas y compuestos aromáticos. Al analizar las limitaciones actuales y destacar aplicaciones emergentes, se posiciona a la fermentación en estado sólido como una estrategia complementaria y viable para el desarrollo de bioprocesos farmacéuticos más sostenibles.
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