Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
OJS: https://revistascientificas.uach.mx/index.php/economicus
ISSN: 3061-8169
How to cite / Como citar:
Luján-Pompa, M. I., & Hernández-Arce, J. (2025). Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household
heads in Chihuahua, Mexico. Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights, 2(1), 50–60.
https://doi.org/10.54167/ejbei.v2i1.1813
Este artículo está bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
This article is under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internacional License.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Article
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship
motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico
Determinantes socioeconómicos de los motivos
emprendedores de los jefes de hogar en Chihuahua, México
María Isabel Luján-Pompa 1, Jesús Hernández-Arce 2*
1 Actinver Business Management, Chihuahua, México; mlujan@actinver.com.mx; ORCID: 0009-0005-2904-6605
2 Facultad de Economía Internacional, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México;
jhernandez@uach.mx; ORCID: 0000-0002-3048-3969
* Correspondence author / Autor de correspondencia
Received: 10/29/2024; Accepted: 12/24/2024; Published: 01/13/2025.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/ejbei.v2i1.1813
Abstract: This study investigates the socioeconomic factors influencing entrepreneurship among household heads
in Chihuahua, Mexico. Using data from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), a
comprehensive analysis was conducted on 312 variables from 323,549 observations, focusing on 22 key variables
related to entrepreneurship. The analysis was restricted to working-age heads of households. Findings reveal that
age (15-55 years), gender, educational level (primary to professional), presence of children, and monthly income
significantly increase the likelihood of entrepreneurship by 2.62%, supporting the pull effect theory that higher
income encourages entrepreneurial activities.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Socioeconomic Factors, Heads of Households.
JEL Classification: L26.
María Isabel Luján-Pompa, Jesús Hernández-Arce 51
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
Resumen: Este estudio investiga los factores socioeconómicos que influyen en el espíritu emprendedor entre los
jefes de hogar en Chihuahua, México. Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE),
se realizó un análisis exhaustivo de 312 variables de 323,549 observaciones, centrándose en 22 variables clave
relacionadas con el emprendimiento. El análisis se limitó a los jefes de hogar en edad de trabajar. Los hallazgos
revelan que la edad (15-55 años), el género, el nivel educativo (primario a profesional), la presencia de niños y los
ingresos mensuales aumentan significativamente la probabilidad de emprendimiento en un 2.62%, lo que respalda
la teoría del efecto de atracción de que los ingresos más altos fomentan las actividades empresariales.
Palabras clave: Emprendimiento, Factores Socioeconómicos, Jefes de Hogar.
Clasificación JEL: L26.
1. Introduction
Entrepreneurship drives economic growth, which in turn enhances the economic development of a
region or country by increasing productive capacity and improving quality of life and well-being
(González-García et al., 2018). Correspondingly, entrepreneurship is influenced by macroeconomic
factors that create a favorable environment for entrepreneurs (Flores et al., 2011). Recent studies have
shown a strong correlation between business creation dynamics and the economic environment of a
region or country. Understanding these dynamics is complex and requires localized studies to identify
the unique economic relationships within each region (González-García et al., 2018). A positive economic
context encourages entrepreneurship, while factors such as economic growth, inflation, and fiscal policies
significantly impact business creation and development (Vallmitjana, 2014).
To understand the entrepreneurial activity, a look back to main theoretical postulates seems
pertinent. Entrepreneurship theories are varied, allowing researchers to choose those most relevant to
their topics. Basic theories are essential for most research. Schumpeter's theory highlights that new
businesses and innovations drive a capitalist economy. Low and Macmillan (1988) advocate for an
interdisciplinary approach, considering socio-cultural, personality, network, ecological, and economic
factors. Globalization and economic changes influence entrepreneurial decisions. Theories of
entrepreneurial behavior identify motivating factors, both positive and negative, internal and external.
Díaz-Casero (2003) categorizes entrepreneurship theories into economic, psychological, sociocultural,
and managerial approaches. Vallmitjana (2014) further classifies them into explanatory, predictive, and
normative theories.
The relationship between company creation and the economic environment gives rise to the
hypotheses of recession or unemployment push and the Schumpeterian effect or pull effect. One the one
hand, Shapero (1985) stated that the decision to create a company is influenced by perceptions of
convenience and feasibility, shaped by cultural, educational, and socioeconomic factors. Marulanda-
Valencia et al. (2018) described entrepreneurship as a multidimensional process involving various
sociodemographic variables, including personal, social, and cultural aspects, which motivate individuals
to undertake entrepreneurial activities. Research has identified key characteristics and traits of
entrepreneurs, including demographic factors, personal perceptions, and experience-related variables.
Educational background influences entrepreneurial motivations, which can be intrinsic (personal
interests) or extrinsic (rewards). Education, especially experiential learning, helps individuals overcome
challenges and promotes entrepreneurship. Experience is crucial in entrepreneurship, reducing
uncertainty and boosting confidence through prior learning. Those from entrepreneurial families are
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico 52
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
more likely to start businesses due to relevant experience. Income is essential for acquiring capital and
serves as a motivation for entrepreneurship. In addition, economic factors are crucial, as entrepreneurs
seek financial success and social security for their families. Nonetheless, female entrepreneurship can be
discouraged by societal perceptions and family responsibilities.
On the other hand, the theory of marginalization suggests that entrepreneurship often begins with
a critical life event (Brunet & Alarcón, 2004). Kirzner's (1985) theory emphasizes identifying and acting
on business opportunities with innovative potential. Thus, entrepreneurship is influenced by triggering
events and gender, with men often driven by professional frustration or financial goals, and women by
unfavorable employment situations.
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) defines nascent and established entrepreneurs based
on the duration of their business activities. Entrepreneurs are driven by opportunity or necessity, with
opportunity-driven entrepreneurship linked to economic growth and necessity-driven entrepreneurship
to survival. Resources and self-efficacy play crucial roles in entrepreneurial decisions. Opportunity
entrepreneurship promotes economic growth, while necessity-driven entrepreneurship is more common
in developing countries and less impactful on economic growth. Opportunity-driven entrepreneurs seek
growth and innovation, while necessity-driven entrepreneurs focus on survival.
In Mexico, many businesses begin to supplement family income or due to lack of employment.
Higher education increases the likelihood of starting a business. Age and gender also play an important
role, since younger individuals and men are more likely to become entrepreneurs. In addition, socio-
cultural factors and training are important, particularly for female entrepreneurship, providing greater
opportunities in the labor market.
In developing countries, necessity-driven entrepreneurship is more prevalent due to poverty and
social vulnerability. This type of entrepreneurship primarily supports individual and family subsistence
and does not significantly contribute to economic growth, although it can temporarily reduce
unemployment rates (López-Vera & Apolinario-Quintana, 2019).
There are few state-level studies in Mexico, and it is problematic to establish public policies related
to entrepreneurship without prior analysis and understanding of population behavior. Studying each
region is a challenging but essential task that helps to understand and improve public policies that
support and encourage entrepreneurs. Conducting an analysis and identifying the most influential
factors for a specific population provides valuable information for the effective creation of economic
policies within the state.
Hence, this paper explores the socioeconomic factors influencing entrepreneurship among heads of
households in Chihuahua, Mexico. The head of the household is defined as the individual with the
highest income within the household. Key socioeconomic factors considered include education, age,
gender, presence of children, marital status, educational level, and monthly income.
Our objectives were to determine the socioeconomic factors influencing entrepreneurship among
heads of households in Chihuahua, to compare the factors influencing entrepreneurship between men
and women, to verify whether the number of children affects the decision of heads of households to
become entrepreneurs, and to analyze the causes of entrepreneurship among heads of families in
Chihuahua. The research problem primarily addresses the lack of knowledge about small-scale
entrepreneurship factors.
This research utilizes data from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE),
analyzing 312 variables from 323,549 observations, focusing on 22 variables related to entrepreneurship
among working-age heads of households in Chihuahua. The methodology employs a binary choice logit
model to determine the factors influencing independent entrepreneurship, with explanatory variables
reflecting individual characteristics and resource access. The findings provide insights for further
María Isabel Luján-Pompa, Jesús Hernández-Arce 53
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
research that could inform economic, political, and social strategies at the state level, particularly
concerning heads of households.
2. Literature review
Research on entrepreneurship has progressed from Schumpeterian theories to modern studies that
include technological innovations, aiding the growth of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) and
national economies. In Mexico, microenterprises, mostly family-owned, employ a third of the workforce
and contribute 14% to economic production (López-Fernández et al., 2016). Entrepreneurship is driven
by both favorable economic conditions ("pull effect") and adverse conditions like economic crises
("recession push"). Thus, positive factors such as opportunities and fulfillment, and negative factors like
unemployment, influence entrepreneurial activities. On the other hand, individual characteristics and
social influences, particularly family, significantly impact entrepreneurial intentions (Palma-Ruiz et al.,
2019).
The most recent studies related to the factors of entrepreneurship, including necessity and
opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, are varied. The following literature review highlights the most
relevant research on the socioeconomic factors that influence the decision to undertake entrepreneurship
by heads of households. Some regional studies linked to this topic have analyzed common factors and
variables, which are relevant to review their results and methods.
Ramos-Guerrero y Quintero-Hernández (2012) explored the factors that affect the decision to start a
business and the appropriate model for entrepreneurship support. The variables considered were
gender, age, marital status, level of education, work experience, existence of family business, and access
to support networks.
Alvarado-Lagunas et al. (2018) studied the factors that influence the entrepreneurship of a family
micro business in Mexico. They used an empirical model to quantify the effects of explanatory variables
on the probability that a Mexican microentrepreneur is in a family-associated microbusiness. The
independent variables of motivation factors included age, gender, education, marital status,
microbusiness by gender, relationship by gender, economic sectors, inheritance of the micro business,
whether the micro business complements or improves family income, found business opportunity,
profession, experience, low-paid jobs, unemployment, and financing. Data were obtained from the
National Survey of Microbusinesses in Mexico (ENAMIN). The main findings indicated that married
men are more likely to undertake entrepreneurship, primarily to complement family income. The sectors
with the largest family microenterprises were commerce and manufacturing. The most relevant variables
were tradition, experience, and training (Alvarado-Lagunas et al., 2018).
Another regional study proposed the hypothesis that environmental factors favor the creation of
new companies in Mexico. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing regions with
data from the Economic Census of Mexico. Fourteen indicators related to three environmental factors for
entrepreneurship were used: financing, business support and training services, and the regulatory
framework. The study identified three necessary factors for opening new businesses: access to financing,
a favorable regulatory framework for entrepreneurship, and training services (García-Macias et al., 2018).
The research by Escamilla-Salazar and Caldera-González (2013) proposed the probability that an
individual in Mexico who is developing an activity leading to the start-up of a business, whether a
woman entrepreneur or a man entrepreneur, depends on the influence of their level of education,
employment situation, age, and income level. The results concluded that for women, the employment
situation and self-confidence are fundamental for micro-entrepreneurship, while for men, income level,
opportunities, and meeting other entrepreneurs are necessary factors for micro-entrepreneurship.
In the same context, Mungaray-Lagarda et al. (2015) conducted a study to determine the relationship
between macroeconomic dynamics, micro-enterprise entrepreneurship, and employment within the
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico 54
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
specified period. The study utilized data from INEGI's economic censuses and the ENOE. It first analyzed
business strata in relation to income level, employment, and salary; then economic activity, salary, and
employment; and finally, the number of companies, economic activity, and real wages by sector. The
study found that the generation of microenterprises is explained both in times of economic growth, which
favors the formation of microenterprises (pull effect theory), and in periods of economic crisis (recession
push), where new microenterprises emerge due to lack of employment (Mungaray-Lagarda et al., 2015).
Another study analyzed the behavior of the state of Colima concerning an increase in the opening
of companies. The objective was to identify if this dynamism is due to the recession push theory. Two
econometric exercises were estimated using the ENOE database from 2005 to 2017, analyzing
employment and unemployment in relation to business stratification, with elasticities over the specified
period (González-García et al., 2018). The study concluded that the business dynamism in Colima aligns
with the recession push theory. In addition, a decrease in employment in high-strata companies due to
an unfavorable economic environment (economic crises) encouraged the entrepreneurship of new
companies due to unemployment.
The first hypothesis in this paper proposes that the factors influencing entrepreneurship include
recent unemployment, age, gender, educational level, number of children, and salary.
The increase in informality is a consequence of unemployment. When faced with unemployment,
individuals often seek alternative sources of income, typically by starting their own businesses, which
are generally informal. This leads to short-term economic growth tied to informality, which does not
enhance the overall development of the family but merely increases income. Opportunity-driven
entrepreneurship, on the other hand, encourages and supports entrepreneurs in creating stable
businesses that generate more jobs and foster microeconomic development in the region.
Hence, the second hypothesis states that entrepreneurship among heads of households in the state
of Chihuahua arises out of necessity.
3. Methodology
To determine the factors that influence entrepreneurship among heads of households, the National
Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) was used. Conducted by INEGI, ENOE is the primary
source of labor market information in Mexico, offering monthly and quarterly data, national figures, and
data for four locality sizes across each of the thirty-two states (INEGI, 2019).
Several authors have analyzed factors related to different types of entrepreneurships. For example,
Alvarado-Lagunas et al. (2018) used an ordered logit model of discrete choice. This model expresses the
preferences of individuals when creating a business association, indicating the motives or reasons for this
process in an ordinal manner.
For this research, a binary choice logit model is used to estimate the probability of entrepreneurship
and identify the factors that determine these probabilities. The model is proposed as follows:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏%
(
𝑌% = %1
)
= %𝐹%
(
%𝑋,
b
%
)%
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏%
(
𝑌% = %0
)
= % −1% − %𝐹%
(
%𝑋,
b
%
)
(1)
(2)
where X represents a vector of independent variables, and b represents the parameter vector that
reflects the impact on the probability of occurrence.
An important feature of this model is the distribution of data that gives rise to the dependent values.
The logistic distribution is often applied due to its favorable mathematical properties. The logistic
distribution function is represented as follows:
𝑌% = %𝐸%[𝑦%|%𝑥]% +%(𝑦% − %𝐸%[𝑦%|%𝑥]) % = % 𝛽´𝑋 + %𝜀
(3)
A derivation of this model is defined as a logit model (González-Milán et al., 2016).
María Isabel Luján-Pompa, Jesús Hernández-Arce 55
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
For this research, it is considered that a binary choice logit model allows for determining which
factors, according to theory, influence the entrepreneurship of a specific group of individuals.
The data used in this study are from the second quarter of the ENOE (2019). To obtain the necessary
information, a combination of the databases that make up this survey was utilized, including SDEMT,
COE1T, and COE2T. As previously mentioned, the purpose of the research is to determine the factors
influencing entrepreneurship among heads of households in the state of Chihuahua. Therefore, only data
of the state of Chihuahua were used. The analysis was restricted to heads of households and the
economically active population aged 15 to 65 years.
To achieve more accurate results, the expansion factor "FAC" from the ENOE database was
employed. This factor stores a six-digit numerical value indicating how many people (population) it
represents within the total population.
From the ENOE data for the second quarter, the SDEMT, COE1, and COE2 databases designated as
2019 were combined, resulting in a total of 312 variables with 323,549 observations. Of these, only the
variables listed in Table 1 were considered, creating a combination of these databases.
Table 1. Variables of ENOE 1.
Table
Description
SDEMT
Entity
SDEMT
Parenthesis
SUPPRESSED
Gender
SDEMT
Up to what grade did you pass in school?
SDEMT
Number of children born
SDEMT
Marital Status
SEDEMT
Classification of the employed population by position in the occupation
SEDEMT
Classification of the employed population by condition of access to health institutions
SEDEMT
Classification of the employed population by health benefits (benefits)
SEDEMT
Classification of the employed population looking for another job
SDEMT
Classification of the duration of unemployment
SDEMT
Classification of the population aged 15 and over
SDEMT
Classification of the population aged 15 and over by activity and inactivity
SDEMT
Monthly Income
SDEMT
Classification of the population by economic support
SDEMT
Total number of jobs
SDEMT
Classification of formal and informal jobs of the first activity
COE1T
What's the main reason you didn't work last week?
COE1T
Have you tried to start a business or carry out an activity on your own without being
able to start yet?
COE1T
Do you engage in a business or activity on your own?
COE1T
Sum of the number of workers
COE1T
What is this business about?
Source: Data from INEGI (2019).
Chihuahua is represented by a total of 3,922,908 observations, of which 1,135,076 are representative
observations of individuals identified as heads of household, accounting for 29% of the sample
population (INEGI, 2005). Based on the literature review, the explanatory variables were defined and are
shown in Table 2.
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico 56
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
Table 2. Explanatory Variables.
Variable
Description
SEX
Gender of the head of the household
MARRIED
Married marital status
AGE1
Age group (15 to 25 years)
AGE2
Age group (26 to 35 years)
AGE3
Age group (36 to 45 years)
AGE4
Age group (46 to 55 years)
AGE5
Age group (56 to 65 years)
CHILD
If you have children
N_N
Educational level: none
N_P
Primary education level
N_S
Secondary education level
N_PB
Preparatory or baccalaureate educational level
N_PS
Professional educational level
L_ING
Logarithm of monthly income
TRAB_2
Has two jobs
Q_DOM
Economically active population doing household chores
Source: Data from INEGI (2019).
Finally, the model was based on the explanatory variables in Table 2, and the dichotomous explained
variable is defined as E_E where:
1 = He/She engages in a business or activity on their own
0 = He/She does not engage in a business or activity on their own
𝐸_𝐸 = 𝑓(MARRIED, AGE1, AGE2, AGE3, AGE4, AGE4, CHILD, N_N, N_P, N_S, N_PB, N_PS, ln
𝐼𝑁𝐺, 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐵_2, 𝑄_DOM)
The explanatory variables included in the model refer to:
Entrepreneurship = 𝑓 (marital status, age, children, no educational level, primary education level,
secondary education level, high school education level, Professional education level, log of monthly
income, having two jobs, performing domestic chores).
For data management, only the population considered to be of working age (15 to 65 years old)
living in Chihuahua City and identified as heads of households were included.
Table 3 shows the variables considered for the logit model and their dichotomization criteria.
Considering the objectives and nature of the research, age was grouped to better understand its impact
as a factor in entrepreneurship. Similarly, the variable for children is dichotomous, analyzing only
whether the head of the household has children or not, rather than the number of children, as a possible
factor in entrepreneurship. The variable related to income is expressed as a natural logarithm to reduce
noise and analyze this variable more effectively.
Table 3. Typology of variables.
Variable
Type of Variable
Dichotomization Criterion
E_E
Dichotomous
1 = entrepreneur, 0 = not an entrepreneur
SEX
Dichotomous
1 = Male, 0 = Female
MARRIED
Dichotomous
1 = Married, 0 = Single or other
AGE1
Dichotomous
1 = 15 to 25 years, 0 = other age
AGE2
Dichotomous
1 = 26 to 35 years, 0 = other age
AGE3
Dichotomous
1 = 36 to 45 years, 0 = other age
María Isabel Luján-Pompa, Jesús Hernández-Arce 57
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
AGE4
Dichotomous
1 = 46 to 55 years, 0 = other age
AGE5
Dichotomous
1 = 56 to 65 years, 0 = other age
CHILD
Dichotomous
1 = Has children, 0 = No children
N_N
Dichotomous
1 = No educational level, 0 = Other
N_P
Dichotomous
1 = Primary educational level, 0 = Other
N_S
Dichotomous
1 = Secondary educational level, 0 = Other
N_PB
Dichotomous
1 = Preparatory or baccalaureate educational level, 0 = Other
N_PS
Dichotomous
1 = Professional educational level, 0 = Other
L_ING
Numerical
Logarithm of the individual's monthly income
TRAB_2
Dichotomous
1 = Has two jobs, 0 = Has only one job
Q_DOM
Dichotomous
1 = Performs household chores, 0 = Does not perform household chores
Source: Authors.
4. Results
According to the hypotheses and objectives set out in the research, the following results of the
regression and its marginal effects were obtained, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Logistic regression 1.
VARIABLES
E_E
ESTIMATIONS
ODDS RATIO
STD. ERR.
Z
P>Z
MARGINAL EFFECTS
DY/DX
STD. ERR.
Z
MARRIED
0.740146
0.0051908
-42.91
0
0.044862
0.00104
-43.04
SEX
1.788641
0.0548286
18.97
0
0.078289
0.0037
21.16
CHILD
1.267356
0.0394695
7.61
0
0.036916
0.00506
7.30
AGE1
0.084437
0.0019737
-105.74
0
0.188487
0.00075
-252.45
AGE2
0.541018
0.0030163
-110.18
0
0.091616
0.00082
-111.41
AGE3
0.716559
0.0023869
-100.05
0
-0.049707
0.00049
-100.57
AGE4
0.879975
0.0020916
-53.79
0
0.0190692
0.00035
-53.79
AGE5
1 (OMITTED)
N_N
0.98186
0.0304216
-0.59
0.555
0.0027147
0.00457
-0.59
N_P
1.35748
0.0209094
19.84
0
0.0479726
0.00254
18.90
N_S
1.50822
0.0226974
27.31
0
0.0638622
0.00243
26.27
N_PB
1.35008
0.0216725
18.7
0
0.0474227
0.00268
17.71
N_PS
1.35964
0.0220722
18.92
0
0.0489138
0.00275
17.80
L_ING
0.83865
0.0045014
-32.78
0
0.0262424
0.0008
-32.82
TRAB_2
1.18535
0.0140556
14.34
0
0.0265326
0.00193
13.73
Q_DOM
0.60272
0.0043462
-70.21
0
0.0805283
0.00121
-66.49
Source: Authors.
Table 4 shows that the explanatory variable AGE5, representing the 56 to 65-year-old age group, is
omitted from the model due to multicollinearity with other explanatory variables. Only the variable N_N
(no educational level) has a P-value of 0.555, indicating that this variable is not a significant determinant
for the explained variable E_E.
Regarding the marginal effects of the regression, the AGE3 group (36 to 45 years) has a negative
probability of entrepreneurship among heads of households in Chihuahua. The AGE1 (15 to 25 years)
and AGE4 (46 to 55 years) groups show a higher probability of entrepreneurship among heads of
households.
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico 58
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
Heads of household who perform household chores (Q_DOM) have an 8.05% probability of
entrepreneurship. Similarly, heads of household aged 15 to 25 years have an 18.8% probability of
entrepreneurship in the state of Chihuahua.
In terms of educational level, having a secondary education increases the probability of
entrepreneurship as a head of household by 6.38% in the state of Chihuahua. Having a high school or
professional educational level has a similar probability of 4.7% and 4.8%, respectively.
5. Discussion
According to the hypothesis, the factors that influence entrepreneurship include recent
unemployment, age, gender, and educational level. The results show that the variables age (15 to 55
years), gender, educational level (primary, secondary, high school, and professional), children, and salary
(logarithm of monthly income) are significant factors influencing entrepreneurship among heads of
household in Chihuahua. However, the variable for recent unemployment showed a correlation with the
explained variable (E_E) and was therefore excluded from the regression. Consequently, the first
hypothesis is not accepted.
Regarding the second hypothesis, which posits that entrepreneurship among heads of families in
the state of Chihuahua arises out of necessity, a theoretical analysis of the variables associated with the
push and pull effect recession theories was conducted to determine which theory the regression results
align with (González-García et al., 2018). Only the variables L_ING and TRAB2 correspond to these
theories.
The results indicate that having a high monthly income (L_ING) increases the probability of
entrepreneurship by 2.62% among heads of household in Chihuahua, corresponding to the pull effect
theory, as higher income incentivizes and provides opportunities for entrepreneurship. In contrast, the
TRAB2 variable, corresponding to the recession push theory, indicates that having two jobs increases the
probability of entrepreneurship by 2.65%, suggesting that having multiple jobs is often out of necessity.
These results show a variation of 0.03%. The ODDS RATIOS indicate that individuals with two jobs
are 1.18 times more likely to be entrepreneurs. It can be deduced that both opportunity and necessity
entrepreneurship exist, but it is more likely that heads of families in Chihuahua undertake
entrepreneurship out of necessity. Therefore, the second hypothesis is not rejected.
The factors influencing entrepreneurship between men and women are the same. The difference lies
in the probability of entrepreneurship, depending on gender. For the model applied, the dichotomous
variable was classified with values 1 = male and 0 = female. Therefore, a male head of household has a
7.8% probability of entrepreneurship, with other factors also showing positive probabilities.
Having children does influence the decision of heads of households to undertake entrepreneurship,
regardless of whether the head of the family is male or female. This factor drives entrepreneurship due
to the need to generate more income to support more people within the household, aligning with the
results of the second hypothesis.
Based on the results, the causes of entrepreneurship among heads of households in Chihuahua
include income, educational level, having two jobs, having children, doing household chores, and
gender. It is also deduced that performing household chores has a positive probability of
entrepreneurship among heads of households in Chihuahua, contrary to the findings of Álvarez et al.
(2012), which indicated that dedicating oneself to housework decreases the probability of being an
entrepreneur. This difference highlights a unique aspect of heads of families in Chihuahua.
Regarding the characteristic of being married, the results show a positive probability of 4.4% for
entrepreneurship within Chihuahua, corroborating the findings of Alvarado-Lagunas et al. (2018), which
suggest that being married can be a significant reason to start a micro business and improve family
income (22%).
María Isabel Luján-Pompa, Jesús Hernández-Arce 59
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
6. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations
Understanding the factors that encourage entrepreneurship among heads of households helps
analyze the causes and determine whether they are consequences of public policies or the current
economic environment. Based on the theories of recession push and pull effect, this analysis allows for
identifying the type of entrepreneurship emerging in the state of Chihuahua.
Determining the factors influencing entrepreneurship in each state aids future research by
explaining entrepreneurship behavior and projecting it based on external factors such as economic crises
and political changes. Understanding the type of entrepreneurship based on the recession push and pull
effect theories is a valuable tool for analyzing municipal and state policies in Chihuahua. It reveals the
most important factors for families who have recently started businesses, enabling targeted actions to
positively impact the state's families.
The benefits of this paper include obtaining results on a crucial economic topic: families and SMEs.
By researching and comparing various studies, this paper creates a national and international overview
of the situations and factors affecting individuals. This allows for a thorough analysis to resolve the
research problem, achieve the objectives, and determine the validity of the hypotheses, ultimately
benefiting decision-making for future research.
Reducing unemployment and informality is crucial for the government and the economic
development of the state. The creation of microenterprises serves as a tool to support the economy and
provides a more income-friendly employment alternative for families.
By identifying the factors that influence entrepreneurship among heads of households in the state
of Chihuahua, this knowledge enables further research related to entrepreneurship, which is a significant
source of employment that strengthens the state's economy. This analysis serves as a basis for future
research on necessity-driven entrepreneurship, which is characteristic of heads of households in
Chihuahua. The identified factors have the potential for further analysis, including comparisons over
different periods, such as during or after the pandemic.
Another suggested research topic is related to policies aimed at supporting entrepreneurship. The
results indicate that current support for entrepreneurship is not reflected in the findings, as the theory
suggests that opportunity-driven entrepreneurship would be the outcome. This research does not cover
all theories or variables related to public policies and their impact on the family economy.
CRediT Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.P., & J.H.; methodology, M.P.; software, M.P..; validation,
M.P., & J.H.; formal analysis, M.P.; investigation, M.P.; resources, M.P.; data curation, M.P.; writing—original draft
preparation, M.P., & J.H.; writing—review and editing, M.P., & J.H.; visualization, M.P., & J.H.; supervision, J.H.
"All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript."
Conflicts of Interest: "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."
References
Alvarado-Lagunas, E., Ortiz-Rodríguez, J., & Morales-Ramírez, D. (2018). Factores que influyen en el
emprendimiento de un micronegocio familiar en México. Revista de Economía del Rosario, 21(1), 153–180.
https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/economia/a.6816
Brunet, I., & Alarcón, A. (2004). Teorías sobre la figura del emprendedor. Papers. Revista de Sociología, 73, 81.
https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v73n0.1108
Díaz-Casero, J. C. (2003). La creación de empresas en Extremadura. Un análisis institucional. Universidad de Extremadura.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=1282
Socioeconomic determinants of entrepreneurship motives among household heads in Chihuahua, Mexico 60
Economicus Journal of Business and Economics Insights 2025 2(1), 50–60
Escamilla-Salazar, Z., & Caldera-González, D. C. (2013). Análisis de los factores socioeconómicos y psicosociales en
mujeres y hombres emprendedores nacientes en México. Investigación Administrativa, 111, 7–19.
https://www.escasto.ipn.mx/investigacion-administrativa/revistas-anteriores/ia-revista111.html
Flores, B., Landerretche, O., & Sánchez, G. (2011). Propensión al emprendimiento: ¿Los emprendedores nacen, se educan o
se hacen? Facultad Economía y Negocios Universidad de Chile.
http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/128190
González-García, J., Mungaray-Lagarda, A., & Osorio-Novela, G. (2018). La microempresa mexicana, un asunto de
necesidad y no de oportunidad: el caso de Colima. Análisis Económico, 33(September), 123–142.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327762591Lamicroempresamexicanaunasuntodenecesidadynode
oportunidadelcasode_Colima
González-Milán, D. J., Ávila-Arce, A., & Rios-Luna, E. A. (2016). Posibilidades de crecimiento y éxito
microempresarial: un análisis a través de modelos logit. Ra Ximhai, 12(4), 197–209.
http://www.raximhai.com.mx/Portal/index.php/component/content/article/7-ejemplares/53-vol-12-num-6
INEGI. (2005). Catálogo e Instructivo de Codificación de Parentesco. INEGI.
https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/enoe/15ymas/doc/enoecatalogoinstructivoparentesco2005
a2_2007.pdf
INEGI. (2019). Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo. Estructura de la base de datos. 2019. Instituto Nacional
de Estadística y Geografía.
Kirzner, I. M. (1985). Discovery and the Capitalist Process. The University of Chicago Press.
López-Fernández, M.C., Serrano-Bedia, A.M., & Palma-Ruiz, M. (2016). What hampers innovation in Mexican family
firms? Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 29(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-08-
2015-0194
López-Vera, J. G., & Apolinario-Quintana, R. (2019). Emprendimiento por necesidad: una visión desde UNASUR.
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Low, M. B., & Macmillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges. Journal of Management,
14(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400202
García-Macias, M. A., Zerón-Félix, M., & Sánchez-Tovar, Y. (2018). Factores de entorno determinantes del
emprendimiento en México. Entramado, 14(1), 88–103.
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1900-38032018000100088
Marulanda-Valencia, F. Á., Montoya-Restrepo, I. A., & Vélez-Restrepo, J. M. (2018). El individuo y sus motivaciones
en el proceso emprendedor. Universidad & Empresa, 21(36), 149.
https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/empresa/a.6197
Marulanda-Valencia, F. Á., & Morales-Gualdrón, S. T. (2017). Entorno y motivaciones para emprender. Revista EAN,
(81), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.21158/01208160.n81.2016.1556
Mungaray-Lagarda, A., Osuna-Millán, J., Ramírez-Urquidy, M., Ramírez-Angulo, N., Escamilla-Díaz, A., Ramírez-
Urquidy, M., & Ramírez, N. (2015). Emprendimientos de micro y pequeñas empresas mexicanas en un
escenario local de crisis económica: El caso de Baja California, 2008-2011. Frontera Norte, 27(53), 115–146.
https://doi.org/10.17428/rfn.v27i53.87
Palma-Ruiz, J. M., Serrano-Bedia, A. M., & López-Fernández, M. C. (2019). Social capital multidimensionality as a
determinant of entrepreneurial intention: Evidence from Mexico and Spain. International Journal of Smart
Education and Urban Society (IJSEUS), 10(3), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSEUS.2019070105
Ramos-Guerrero, F. R. & Quintero-Hernández, L. H. (2012). Determinación de factores que inciden en la decisión de
emprender un negocio: Caso IETI-CUCIENEGA. XVII Congreso Internacional de Contaduría, Administración e
Informática. Universidad Autónoma de México.
https://investigacion.fca.unam.mx/docs/memorias/2012/3.07.pdf
Shapero, A. T. (1985). The Entrepreneurial Event. College of Administrative Science, Ohio State University.
Vallmitjana, N. (2014). La Actividad Emprendedora de los Graduados Iqs. Universitat Ramon Llull.
https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/145034